![]() In igapĆ³ (a blackwater seasonally inundated forest), only the alarm-calling species show differences in foraging patterns among core flock members. The foraging patterns of core species in tierra firme flocks show large differences with respect to foraging maneuvers and substrates, a finding that is consistent with niche theory. We also use the foraging behavior of alarm-calling species to infer whether their behavior is consistent with predictions for species that accrue benefits by associating with other flocking species. We use foraging behavior in two different flock types to interpret the extent to which core species minimize niche overlap to reflect negative interactions. ![]() ![]() Mixed-species flocks are formed on the basis of both positive and negative species interactions.
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